{"id":11175,"date":"2022-02-05T21:37:43","date_gmt":"2022-02-05T18:37:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=11175"},"modified":"2022-06-24T01:51:40","modified_gmt":"2022-06-23T22:51:40","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=11175","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1175\" src=\"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641-268x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"138\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641-268x300.jpg 268w, https:\/\/fargad.sa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641.jpg 298w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 138px) 100vw, 138px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u201cMiddle English language, <\/strong>the descendant of the <strong>Old English language <\/strong>and the ancestor of Modern English.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 :&#8221;\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0631(<strong>David Crystal<\/strong>) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (<strong>British Library<\/strong>)\u060c \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1066\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0661- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643 (Aelfric)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 (Chaucer\u2019s Tales )\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 (Thomas Malory\u2019s account of King Arthur )\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0631(Le Morte Darthur&#8217;s The Knights of the Round Table)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f ( Christmas Carols).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u0662- \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0642 (prefixes and suffixes)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0663- \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0664- \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 30000 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 50000 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0665- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1500 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u064f\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Shakespeare).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\">\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(1) \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1250\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(2) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1250 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1400 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">( John Gower ) \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c (Geoffrey Chaucer) \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0(3) \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1400 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1500\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\">\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632(River Thames)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)\u00a0 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0631(<strong>South Yorkshire<\/strong>) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0631(<strong>northern Lancashire<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(3)\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( <strong>Scottish Lowlands<\/strong>) \u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f (Northumberland)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627 (<strong>Cumbria<\/strong>) \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0645 (<strong>Durham<\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0631(<strong>most of Yorkshire<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (<strong>Middle English Literature<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0661- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 (<strong>Lack of <\/strong><strong>A<\/strong><strong>uthorship<\/strong><strong>\/Anonymity<\/strong>) \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062e \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0662- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 (<strong>Derivative Stories<\/strong>)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0663- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<strong> (Religiosity)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0664- \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a ( <strong>Orality<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0665- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a <strong>(Courtly Love)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u063a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (<strong>Ovid<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: ( <strong>Ars Amatoria<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0666- \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 <strong>(Chivalry)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a (<strong>The Canterbury Tales<\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( <strong>The Arthurian Legends<\/strong> )<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0667- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a ( <strong>Mediaeval Romance<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0647\u0648\u0631\u0646 (King Horn)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 (Athelston)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Gamelyn)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0648 (Sir Orfeo).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0668- \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a (<strong>Infra-Literary<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0669- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a (<strong>The Medieval Literary Content<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644:\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u00a0 (Cantar del M\u00edo Cid)\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 (The Stories of King Arthur)\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 (Rolando&#8217;s song) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a (<strong>Traditional Lyric<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0631\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0661\u0660- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (<strong>Works by female authors<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"> \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u064a ( Thomas Penson De Quincey) :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0&#8220;\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.&#8221;\u00a0 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\">\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; color: #003366;\">*\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; color: #003366;\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631: Fatima Al-Sharif<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cMiddle English language, the descendant of the Old English language and the ancestor of Modern English.\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 :&#8221;\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500. \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0631(David [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":16284,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1794,103,8],"tags":[1283,1721,958,1290,952,1079,1898,1163,1899],"class_list":["post-11175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1794","category-103","category-8","tag-1283","tag-1721","tag-958","tag-1290","tag-952","tag-1079","tag-1898","tag-1163","tag-1899"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11175"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16285,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11175\/revisions\/16285"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}