{"id":14841,"date":"2022-05-28T19:38:24","date_gmt":"2022-05-28T16:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=14841"},"modified":"2022-05-28T19:38:24","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T16:38:24","slug":"%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b9-%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=14841","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Geoffrey Chaucer<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> 1066 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> 1340 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Anglos-Norman Period<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span>1340 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> 1400\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>T<\/span><\/span>he Age of Chaucer<\/span><\/span> ) <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u061b <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0646\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Geoffrey Chaucer<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Canterbury Tales<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>: \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Barren Age<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> 1400 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> 1485\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span>1066 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> 1500 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Middle Ages<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span> (Magna Charta)<\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> 1215\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1295\u060c \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1362 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>T<\/span><\/span>he Black Death<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> 1348-49\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>John Wyclif) – <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> – <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062c<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>William<\/span><\/span> Caxton<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span>1347\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1453\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u064a\u062b <\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Columbus<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/span><\/span>1492 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span> Vasco da Gama<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1498\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u00a0(1473-1543) <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Copernicus<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>(1343) <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0628\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0628\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Edward III<\/span><\/span>, Richard II, and Henry IV<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062b\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u063a\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0631\u0623<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Dante<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Giovanni Boccaccio<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201cthe first finder of our language.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span>\u064f\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0634<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Pearl<\/span><\/span> Poet<\/span><\/span> )\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span> ( <\/span><\/span>William<\/span><\/span> Langland<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>John Gower<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Chaucer<\/span><\/span> Records<\/span><\/span> from<\/span><\/span> 1357)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Canterbury Tales<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>2249 <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0637\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u062f\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0635<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span>\u061b <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span>\u0628\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0638<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Chaucer<\/span><\/span>): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u25cf <\/span>Translation of Roman de la Rose, possibly extant as The Romaunt of the Rose.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>Translation of Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy as Boece.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Book of the Duchess.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The House of Fame.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>Anelida and Arcite.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>Parlement of Foules.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>Troilus and Criseyde.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Good Women.<\/span><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0645\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Dr<\/span><\/span> Oliver<\/span><\/span> Tearle<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>Five Fascinating Facts about Geoffrey Chaucer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> “<\/span><\/span>ABC<\/span><\/span>” \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/span> “<\/span><\/span>Guillaume<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Deguileville<\/span><\/span>“\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u062a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2- <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (1391)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062d\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3- <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0638\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4 – <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span>25 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1400\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Westminster Abbey<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span>()\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0643\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5 – <\/span><\/span>\u0637\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>William Caxton<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Chaucer<\/span><\/span>‘<\/span><\/span>s<\/span><\/span>Canterbury<\/span><\/span> Tales<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1998\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a<\/span><\/span> 7.4 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u061b <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Recuyell<\/span><\/span> of<\/span><\/span> the<\/span><\/span> Historyes<\/span><\/span> of<\/span><\/span> Troye<\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u062a<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>John Lydgate<\/span><\/span>) \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> “<\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0642\u0637<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0637\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0649 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span>” <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“distill and rain the golden dew-drops of eloquence”<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>John Dryden<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> “<\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span>“\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 <\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0661- <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span> The Book of the Duchess)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0630\u0648\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0635\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Blanche<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Duchess<\/span><\/span> of<\/span><\/span>Lancaster<\/span><\/span> ) \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Ovid<\/span><\/span> ) <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>T<\/span><\/span>he high medieval dream vision<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u064a\u0624\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062a<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0635\u0648<\/span><\/span>\u064e\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648 <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0628\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/span><\/span> – <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> “<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0636<\/span><\/span>” <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u063a\u0631\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><\/span>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0648\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The House of Fame<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> Ovid & Vergel<\/span><\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0662- <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Troilus and Criseyde<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u062f\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Boethius<\/span><\/span>‘<\/span><\/span>s<\/span><\/span>Consolation<\/span><\/span> of<\/span><\/span> Philosophy<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0625<\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649<\/span><\/span> ( <\/span><\/span>Criseyde<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0623\u0633<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0663- <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Legend of Good Women<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0635\u0635\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u25cf <\/span>T<\/span><\/span><\/a>he Legend of Cleopatra<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Thisbe<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Dido<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Hypsipyle and Medea<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Lucretia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Ariadne<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Philomela<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Phyllis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u25cf <\/span>The Legend of Hypermnestra<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0628<\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Book of the Duchess<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I have gret wonder, be this lyght,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

How that I live, for day ne nyght<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I may nat slepe wel nigh noght,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I have so many an ydel thoght<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Purely for defaute of slepe 5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

That, by my trouthe, I take no kepe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Of nothing, how hit cometh or gooth,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ne me nis nothing leef nor looth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Al is ylyche good to me \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Joye or sorwe, wherso hyt be \u2014 10<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

For I have felyng in nothyng,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

But, as it were, a mased thyng,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alway in point to falle a-doun;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

For sorwful imaginacioun<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Is alway hoolly in my minde. 15<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And wel ye woot, agaynes kynde<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hit were to liven in this wyse;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

For nature wolde nat suffyse<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

To noon erthely creature<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Not longe tyme to endure 20<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Withoute slepe, and been in sorwe;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And I ne may, ne night ne morwe,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Slepe; and thus melancolye<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

And dreed I have for to dye,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Defaute of slepe and hevynesse 25<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hath sleyn my spirit of quiknesse,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

That I have lost al lustihede.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suche fantasies ben in myn hede<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

So I not what is best to do.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

But men myght axe me,<\/span> why soo 30<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J.M. Manly\u2019s book, The Cambridge History of English Literature.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Harvard\u2019s Geoffrey Chaucer Website<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Britannica.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

English Library.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

World History org<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u00a0\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Geoffrey Chaucer) \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 1066 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1340 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646(Anglos-Norman Period) \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":15491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2360,103],"tags":[2381],"class_list":["post-14841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19","category-2360","category-103","tag-2381"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14841"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15500,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14841\/revisions\/15500"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/15491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}