{"id":16196,"date":"2022-06-25T20:26:38","date_gmt":"2022-06-25T17:26:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=16196"},"modified":"2022-06-27T13:42:51","modified_gmt":"2022-06-27T10:42:51","slug":"%d8%ae%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a3%d8%af%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=16196","title":{"rendered":"\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> 450 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> 1485 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Middle Ages<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> (450-1066)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062b\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> ( 1066- 1340)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b (<\/span><\/span>Mediveal Ages<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> 476-1500 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0633<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b (<\/span><\/span>V<\/span><\/span>ernacular<\/span><\/span> literature<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>The Battle of Hastings<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0632\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Bayeux Tapestry<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0633\u062c\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0628\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>William, The Conqueror<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1066\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0639 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/span><\/span> \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span>: (<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648 <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1- <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0645\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(Regularity of Stress)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(Alteration as Rhymical Device<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0647\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Breton lais<\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> – <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> – <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> ) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0645\u0649<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Debate Poetry<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>The Owl and the Nightingale<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Tetramete<\/span><\/span>r).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0634\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Romances<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0642<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u0639\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>King Horn<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span><\/span>The Lay of Havelok the Dane<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Metrical System<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Iambic Pentameter) \u060c(End Rime<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c (<\/span><\/span>Syllabic<\/span><\/span> Line<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0632\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Syllabic<\/span><\/span> Poetry<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

–<\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Border Ballads<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u062f\u062d<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Robin Hood: The Langland\u2019s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2- <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> ( <\/span><\/span>Everyman<\/span><\/span> ) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1495\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u062c\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062c\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0625\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>The <\/span><\/span>art of dying<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0631\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u064a\u0634 <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3- <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>(476-1000 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0635\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span> (1136 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span><\/span>Geoffrey of Monmouth’s <\/span><\/span>History of the Kings of Britain<\/span><\/span> (1136 CE<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span><\/span>\u0651<\/span><\/span>\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0623\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4- \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Fables<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>T<\/span><\/span>he tales of Reynard the Fox<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0634\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5- \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/span><\/span> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0624\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– <\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> ( <\/span><\/span>Le Morte D’Arthur <\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Thomas Malory<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1469\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u064f<\/span><\/span>\u0634\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span> 1485 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627<\/span><\/span>\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0646\u0634\u0637<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span> Julian of Norwich<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634<\/span><\/span> (1342-1416 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>)\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Catherine of Sienna<\/span><\/span>) (1347-1380 <\/span><\/span>\u0645<\/span><\/span>)\u060c \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Margery Kempe<\/span><\/span>) \u00a0(1373-1438)\u060c \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u062f\u064a<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Christine de Pizan<\/span><\/span>) (1364 – 1430).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 450 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1485 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (The Middle Ages)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (450-1066)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 ( 1066- 1340)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b (Mediveal Ages)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":16283,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2491,103],"tags":[2577,440,1736,2578,610,49],"class_list":["post-16196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19","category-2491","category-103","tag-2577","tag-440","tag-1736","tag-2578","tag-610","tag-49"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16196"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16566,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16196\/revisions\/16566"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16283"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}