{"id":2153,"date":"2021-08-14T19:40:35","date_gmt":"2021-08-14T16:40:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=2153"},"modified":"2021-08-15T06:21:57","modified_gmt":"2021-08-15T03:21:57","slug":"%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%81-beowulf-%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b0%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fargad.sa\/?p=2153","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 (Beowulf): \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 ( Sir Colin St John Wilson ) \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 120.000 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 14 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0645 120 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 250 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a 150 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629: \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0643\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 (The Southwick Codex)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 ( The Nowell Codex )\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Poem<\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Epic<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 (Beowulf<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Beowulf<\/strong>) \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 (3182) \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a (450-1066)\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 700 – 750 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 (bard)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1016 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1035. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1000 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 (Old English).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Lawrence Nowell) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1570\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 (\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 1563) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 (Robert Cotton ) \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 1702\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1731\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 Grimur Jonsson Thorkelin \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1787\u00a0 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u062b\u0645\u00a0 \u0622\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0 1973\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0(Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0661-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 (Beowulf<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0662-\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a (The Vercelli Book )\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0663-\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631 (\u00a0 The Exeter Book )\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0664-\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 (Junius Manuscript) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627\u00a0 ” \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641.” \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u0648\u062b\u062c\u0627\u0631(Hrothgar )\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0634 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644 (Grendel)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0645\u0629 ( Unferth Dane)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u064a\u0646 ( Wiglaf ) \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSorrow not\u2026. Better is it for every man that he avenge his friend than that he mourn greatly. Each of us must abide the end of this world\u2019s life; let him who may, work mighty deeds ere he die, for afterwards, when he lies lifeless, that is best for the warrior.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f “\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629” \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u060c\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 (prologue) \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f (ballads) \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 (\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a- \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a- \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0661- \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646 (\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644)\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0662- \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (Alliteration<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0662- \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Kenning<\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0663- \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Litotes<\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u00a0“\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0636\u062d\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. “<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt is \u2018a dazzling, furious, funny, vicious, desperate, hungry, beautiful, mutinous, maudlin, supernatural, rapturous shout\u2019\u201d Maria Dahvana Headley<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n